Envisioning a Community Exemplar for Sustainability in and by ICT

We understand sustainability as a perspective on the performance of various kinds of systems that puts human well-being in the center of focus. Recognizing that information and communication technology (ICT) is shaping our modern society, there is a need to understand the impact of ICT on sustainability. On the one hand this can be achieved, for example, by extending classic software development approaches to cover sustainability issues. This can be coined sustainability in ICT. On the other hand, innovative ICT approaches offer the potential of directly addressing sustainability issues (sustainability by ICT). Within the ICT4S community, both perspectives are addressed. What is missing, is an overarching perspective that helps to identify interlinkages. In this contribution, we present the case of an online-shop selling ICT hardware products as an community exemplar. We exemplify the usefulness as an overarching example, by relating parts of our existing work on ICT sustainability to it: a process model of the sales process, as well as a representation of sustainability risks related to the sold ICT products. Additionally, we show how ICT4S papers from 2016 can be mapped to the exemplar. We conclude with presenting a community website, where we invite fellow researchers and practitioners to contribute to a growing wealth of sustainability insights

Software Engineers in Transition: Self-Role Attribution and Awareness for Sustainability

Context: The Software Engineering process can be seen as a socio-technical activity that involves fulfilling one's role as part of a team. Accordingly, software products and services are the result of a specific collaboration between employees (and other stakeholders). In recent years, sustainability, which Requirements Engineers often paraphrase as the ability of a system to endure, is becoming part of the process and thus the responsibility of Software Engineers (SE) as well. Objectives: This study shines the spotlight on the role of the SE: their self-attribution and their awareness for sustainability. We interviewed 13 SEs to figure out how they perceive their own role and to which extent they implement the topic of sustainability in their daily work. By visualizing these two sides, it is possible to debate changes and their possible paths to benefit the Software Engineering process including sustainability design. Results: A discrepancy between the current role and the ideal role of SEs becomes visible. It is characterized in particular by dwelling on their “classic” or time-honored tasks as an executive force, such as coding. At the same time, they point out the still missing necessity of an interdisciplinary, from communication coined working method. According to our interviewees SEs are inefficiently involved in the design process. They do not sufficiently assume their responsibility for the software and its sustainability impacts

GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN GERMANY: REASONS, LOCATIONS, AND OBSTACLES

Many large enterprises develop their software nowadays in globally distributed settings. By using the option to outsource, the respective enterprises can realize decisive competitive advantages. In order to remain competitive, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are also forced to follow this trend and to outsource parts of their software development. However, most of the existing studies analyze the outsourcing situation in large enterprises, whereas the position of SMEs is being neglected and remains unclear. Main drivers for software development outsourcing decisions, suitable vendor locations, and problems occurring while realizing such projects may differ between large enterprises and SMEs. Therefore, in this explorative research paper we examine the outsourcing activities of eight SMEs in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Besides the question why SMEs are choosing the outsourcing option we seek to find out, which countries are best suited for outsourcing activities of SMEs as well as which obstacles in particular hinder these enterprises in successfully conducting software development outsourcing

Sustainability for Artificial Intelligence Products and Services – Initial How-to for IT Practitioners

Year after year, software engineers celebrate new achievements in the field of AI. At the same time, the question about the impacts of AI on society remains insufficiently answered in terms of a comprehensive technology assessment. This article aims to provide software practitioners with a theoretically grounded and practically tested approach that enables an initial understanding of the potential multidimensional impacts. Subsequently, the results form the basis for discussions on AI software requirements. The approach is based on the Sustainability Awareness Framework (SusAF) and Participatory Design. We conducted three workshops on different AI topics: 1. Autonomous Driving, 2. Music Composition, and 3. Memory Avatars. Based on the results of the workshops we conclude that a two-level approach should be adopted: First, a broad one that includes a diverse selection of stakeholders and overall impact analysis. Then, in a second step, specific approaches narrowing down the stakeholders and focusing on one or few impact areas

Requirements: The Key to Sustainability

Software's critical role in society demands a paradigm shift in the software engineering mind-set. This shift's focus begins in requirements engineering. This article is part of a special issue on the Future of Software Engineering

A Hierarchy of DSMLs in Support of Product Life-Cycle Assessment

To support understanding and analysis of sustainability related aspects in organizations (e.g., via an assessment of a product’s life-cycle from the cradle to the grave), various instruments, among others, in the field of conceptual modeling, have been proposed. Although existing tools and languages are, to some extent, indeed supporting the product Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), our investigations show that a hierarchy of Domain-Specific Modeling Languages(DSMLs) is needed to satisfy advanced requirements. In this paper, as an innovation for the field of LCA, we propose an application of multi-level language architecture to design a hierarchy of DSMLs encompassing concepts for LCAs that can be detailed to specific industrial domains and local needs of enterprises. This enables a new generation of instruments allowing users to use and refine concepts, corresponding to their specific needs